The Treaty of Trieste was the peace treaty that finally established a stable diplomatic basis between Italy and the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the aftermath of the Weltkrieg. An armistice had already been signed in August 1919, but the outbreak of the Italian Revolution and Italian Civil War had hampered the Central Powers from signing a peace treaty with the Italians like they did with the rest of the Entente at Versailles in November 1919.
A subsidary agreement of the treaty was also signed by the Ottoman Empire; In this agreement, the government of the newly established Italian Federation denounced their claims on the Dodecanese Islands and Libya, territories which had been occupied by the Ottomans since mid-1919, and recognized Turkish sovereignty over said regions.
Even though the Italian Federation was on paper an Austrian puppet state, Austro-Hungarian authority over Italy would remain very low, as most of the peninsula was occupied by socialist revolutionaries and the Federation de facto only encompassed the Republic of Lombardy-Venetia, the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, the Papal State and a Sardinian-Piedmontese rump state. Therefore, the Treaty of Trieste, similar to the Treaty of Wartholz and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk before, was not considered a major success by most of the Austrian public.
Prelude[]
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Terms of the treaty[]
The Treaty of Trieste (4 October 1920)
- The Italian Federation is recognized as the sole legitimate government body on the Italian Peninsula.
- The Mezzogiorno, still occupied by Royalist forces, is reorganized into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, with Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta, being reinstated as King and becoming Alfonso I.
- The influence of the House of Savoy is limited to their ancestral Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont; With Piedmont under hostile occcupation, the capital is to be established in Cagliari instead.
- The House of Savoy-Aosta and therefore Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta, are officially confirmed as the legitimate rulers of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont. The House of Savoy-Carignano lose all of their claims.
- The State of the Church is reestablished in Lazio.
- The Republican government in Milano is recognized under the name of "Republic of Lombardy-Venetia" as the sole legitimate government of Italy north of the Po. The Prime Minister is granted the title of Interim Head of the Council of the Italian Federation, making Milano the official, but temporary capital of the Federation.
- A Veneto autonomy is established in Venice.
- Annexation of the Italian Concession in Tianjin, China, by Austria-Hungary.
- The Italian Federation and the Austro-Hungarian Empire sign a treaty of friendship and cooperation. Austria-Hungary assures to support the Federation in case of foreign hostility, should the need arise militarily.
Ottoman-Italian Supplementary Agreement (4 October 1920)
- The Ottoman Empire recognizes the Italian Federation as the sole legitimate government body on the Italian Peninsula.
- The 1912 Treaty of Lausanne is declared null and void.
- The Italian Federation and all of its member states denounce their claims on Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, Fezzan and the Dodecanese Islands and accept Ottoman sovereignty over said territories.
Aftermath[]
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