- Main article: List of Political Ideologies
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Social Liberalism is a variation of liberalism, with its most important characteristics being the inclusion of various civil liberties and human rights as being important, along with its view of the goverment as a positive force which ought to actively improve the life of its citizens by protecting their rights. Espousing progressive social and economic policies, Social Liberals aim to create a society where every individual is free to live his own life with full opportunities regardless of status.
Overview[]
Social Liberalism as a political ideology posits that goverments purpose is helping it's citizens attain the highest possible happiness, because of this the political regime of Social Liberals focuses on protecting liberty and opportunity of it's citizens. However it is different from Market Liberalism in that Social Liberalism emphasizes what it calls "positive liberty", seeking to enhance the "positive freedoms" of the poor and disadvantaged in society by means of government regulation. Social Liberals think that 'government coercion' of some liberties is needed to attain 'ultimate freedom' (e.g. prohibition of alcohol). Thanks to this interpretation Social Liberalism is supportive of government regulation to a degree (i.e. health-care, eductation, anti-trust laws, taxation) in order to curb lack of opportunity without which, they theorize, no one can attain liberty. Social Liberals emphasizes mutual class collaboration through liberal institutions which should be the most efficient at generating happiness for it's citizens. They also believe that governments should defend the moral rights of nonconformists to express their own identity however they see fit as long as they do not harm anyone else. For this reason they strongly support freedom of religion, popular soverignty, freedom of speech, freedom of individuals from cultural norms, and civil rights.
And Social Liberalism is broadly based on the 'liberal tradition' exported from Europe. As such it is somewhat synonymous, even wrongly, with concepts associated with liberalism (e.g. democracy, liberty, equality, freedom of speech and religion). Through time Social Liberalism has changed too and become what it is today.
Social Liberalism is a development of liberalism stemming from the late 19th century, mostly defended in Europe. Generally Social Liberalism draws it's support from the 'progressive' middle and upper-class, although it can have a significant activist outreach among the lower-class: generally forming around a political party, but close collaboration with 'moderate' or "yellow" trade-union's (e.g. the American Federation of Labor) can be a common sight and among most types of organizations. It's 'members' tend to be more 'moderate' capitalists, seeking to make a "welfare" state which protects the basic human rights and civil liberties of it's citizens.
Political Principles[]
Social Liberal Theory[]
Although Social Liberals comprise a whole set of groups located in many corners of the world they generally subscribe to a set of basic tenets:
Social Contract[]
This is the belief that individuals are the basis of law and society, and that society and its institutions exist to further the ends of individuals. Market Liberalism stresses the social contract, under which citizens make the laws and agree to abide by those laws. It is based on the belief that individuals know best what is best for them. The English Magna Carta is an example of a political document that asserted the rights of individuals even above the prerogatives of monarchs. Additionally it also highlights that if a goverment fail's to uphold the promises it made to "the governed" then the populace have the right and the duty to revolt with the purpose of imposing a new goverment, though as with any ideology there is little agreement among Social Liberal on what this promises are. Generally they are very skeptical of any revolution which is not carried out to achieve the values of Social Liberalism.
'Rule of Law'[]
It also emphasizes the importance of 'Rule of Law' in a goverment (e.g. 'liberal democracy'). The 'Rule of Law' implies that every person is subject to the law, including people who are lawmakers, law enforcement officials and judges. In this sense, in theory it stands in contrast to tyranny or oligarchy, where the rulers are held above the law. In the real world lack of the 'Rule of Law' can be found in both democracies and monarchies, when there is neglect or ignorance of the law. The 'Rule of Law' is more apt to decay if a government has insufficient corrective mechanisms for restoring it. Additionally, this will allow for the breeding of corruption, making it even more difficult to restore it as time goes on and corruption embeds itself deeper into the governmental systems. Though this does not mean that Social Liberals are always supportive of democracy or oppose corruption, as these concepts can be at odds with the pragamtic application of their values.
Positive liberty[]
Rejecting both the most extreme forms of capitalism and the revolutionary elements from the socialist school, Social Liberalism emphasizes what it calls "positive liberty": that 'moral and true liberty' can only be ever realized with equal economic opportunity, education, health-care and other such necessities. Social Liberals believe that naturally it is the duty of the state to provide this to it's citizens, and that ultimately a states 'coercion' of it's citizen's by violating some of their (negative) right's can be justified if it is to obtain this higher liberty. They support a mixed economy of mainly private enterprise with some state provided or guaranteed public services, the extent of which can vary between Social Liberals.
Social Liberals believe that it is the duty of the state to help citizens achieve "moral liberty" lead's to some Social Liberals to view that it is the duty of this very state to regluate things like literature, art, academics, gambling, sex, prostitution, abortion, alcohol, and other controlled substances. However Social Liberals believe that there is a line to the extent of state regulation that is acceptable, the extent of which varies between Social Liberals groups. They emphasize that liberty, rights and freedoms, and private property as fundamental to individual happiness, and regard democracy as an instrument to maintain a society where each individual enjoys the greatest amount of liberty possible. While the state does have an important role in ensuring positive liberty, Social Liberals tend to trust that individuals are usually capable in deciding their own affairs, and generally do not need deliberate steering towards happiness.
Regulated capitalism[]
Generally Social Liberals work to provide basic necessities that the 'free market' cannot, but which the public sector can, although of course the extent to which this happens varies greatly from one Social Liberal group to the other. Social Liberals support 'free trade' and see capitalism as a good economic system but seek to provide state-aid to those not benefited by the system. The constant interplay of individual pressures on market supply and demand causes the natural movement of prices and the flow of trade. Social Liberalism holds that the value of goods and services should be set (mostly) by the unfettered choices of individuals, of market forces. However, unlike Market Liberals, they understand that there are those who are inherently disadvantaged and promote policies which help in this area.
Forms of Social Liberalism[]
Social Liberal countries in 1936[]
accurate as of 1.1.4.
State Name | Since | State & Political Structure | Ruling Party | Head of State | Head of Government |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Philippines | ?? | Unitary State, Presidential Republic |
Partido Nacionalista (Nationalist Party) | Manuel Luis Quezón | Sergio Osmeña |
Greece | 1931 | Unitary State, Parliamentary Republic |
Néa Fileléftheri Énosi (NFE) (New Liberal Union) | Geórgios Papandreou | Geórgios Papandreou |
Italian Republic | 1927 | Unitary State, Parliamentary Republic |
Partito Liberale Democratico (PLD) (Liberal Democratic Party) | Ivanoe Bonomi (1927 - ) | Carlo Rosselli |
Madras | ?? | ??, ?? |
Social Liberals | Paramasiva Subbarayan | Sirinivasa Iyengar |
Illyria | ?? | Unitary State, Constitutional Monarchy, secondary constituent state of Austria-Hungary |
Hrvatska pučka seljačka stranka (HPSS) (Croatian People's Peasant Party) | Karl I von Habsburg (1916 - )
(Represented by Stjepan Radić) |
Vladko Maček |
Bohemia | ?? | Unitary State, Constitutional Monarchy, secondary constituent state of Austria-Hungary |
česká strana pokroková (Realisté) (Czech Realist Party) | Johann Il zu Schwarzenberg | Jan Garrigue Masaryk |
Serbia | 1926 | Unitary State, Semi-Presidential Republic |
Republikanska Stranka (Republican Party) | Dragomir Vasic (1931-) | Milan Grol (1931- ) |
United Baltic Duchy | 1935 | Unitary Decentralized State, Semi-Constitutional Monarchy | Deutch-baltische Demokratische Partei (DbDP) (Baltic German Democratic Party) | Adolf Friedrich (1918 - ) | Friedrich von Samson-Himmelstjerna (1935 - ) |
Liangguang Clique | Autonomous province of the Qing Empire | Grand Republican League | Chen Jiongming |
Movements all around the world in 1936[]
The list is up-to-date as of patch KR4 v0.19.2
North America[]
Country | Party Name | Founded | Leader | Affiliated Organization | Situation | Symbols |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dominion of Canada | Liberal Party of Canada | 1861 | Mackenzie King | -- | Ruling party | |
United States of America | Democratic Party (Progressives) | 1828 (founding of Democratic Party), 1896 (beginning of Progressive Era) | Al Smith | ???? | Medium-sized Opposition Party Faction | |
Cuba | Partido Nuevo Liberal (New Liberal Party) | 1878 (founding of the Liberal Party), ???? | Carlos Céspedes Quesada | -- | Major opposition party | |
West Indies Federation | Parti pour l'Autonomie (Liberals) (PA) (Party for Autonomy) | 1932 | ???? | Parti pour l'Autonomie (Socialist) (PA) (Party for Autonomy) | Medium-sized opposition party | |
Mexico | Partido Acción Nacional (National Action Party) | ???? | Jerónimo Flores | ???? | Minor opposition party | |
Nicaragua | Partido de la Revolución Liberal (PRL) (Party of the Liberal Revolution) | 1931 | Juan Bautista Sacasa | -- | Major opposition party | |
Panama | Partido Liberal Nacional (Progresista) (PNL) (National Liberal Party) | 1903 | Ricardo Alfaro Jované | -- | Major opposition party | |
Honduras | Partido Liberal de Honduras (PLH) (Liberal Party of Honduras) | 1866/1891 (foundation of the Liberal League), 1891 (creation of the PLH) | José Maria Moncada | -- | Minor opposition party | |
El Salvador | Partido Nacional Democrático (PND) (National Democratic Party) | 1913 | Alfonso Quiñónez Molina | -- | Medium-sized opposition party | |
Haiti | Parti Populaire Progressiste (PPP) (Popular Progressive Party) | ???? | Jean Price-Mars | -- | Major opposition party | |
Costa Rica | El Centro (The Center) | ???? | Andrés López | ???? | Major opposition party | |
Puerto Rico | Partido Liberal (PL) (Liberal Party) | 1932 | Antonio R. Barceló | -- | Minor opposition party | |
Guatemala | Partido Liberal (Social) (PL) (Liberal Party) | 1820 | Eduardo Cabañas | -- | Minor coalition faction | |
Dominican Republic | Partido Nuevo Azul (New Blue Party) | 1865 (founding of the party), ???? | Juan Jimenes Grullón | -- | Minor opposition party |
South America[]
Country | Party Name | Founded | Leader | Affiliated Organization | Situation | Symbols |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Uruguay | Facción Centrista del Partido Colorado (PC) (Centrist Faction of the Red Party) | 1836 (Founding of the party), 1903 (Formation in response to ascendance of Batllism). | National Council of Administration | -- | Minority of the Ruling Party | |
Ecuador | Facción Liberal del Partido Liberal Radical Ecuatoriano (PLPEl) (Liberal Faction of the Ecuatorian Liberal Radical Party) | 1878/1925 (founding of the party), 1925 (official founding) | Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno | ???? | Medium-sized opposition party | |
Brazil | Partido Liberal (PL) (Liberal Party) | 1831/1889 (founding, ended after the proclamation of the Republic), ???? | Júlio Prestes | ???? | Medium-sized opposition party | |
Peru | Movimiento Democrático (MD) (Democratic Movement) | ???? | Jorge Prado Ugarteche | ???? | Minor opposition party | |
Bolivia | Partido Liberal (PL) (Liberal Party) | 1883 | Enrique Peñaranda Castillo | -- | Minor opposition party | |
Colombia | Partido Liberal (PL) (Liberal Party) | 1848 | Eduardo Santos Montejo | Vanguardia Liberal (Liberal Vanguard) newspaper | Minor opposition party | |
Venezuela | Unión Republicana Democrática (URD) (Republican Democratic Union) | ???? | Elías Toro | ???? | Major opposition party | |
Patagonian Workers Front | Union Civica Radical (Radical Civic Union) | 1891 | Pedro Díaz | -- | Underground party | |
Argentina | Partido Demócrata Progresista (PDP) (Democratic Progressive Party) | 1914 | Nicolas Repetto | -- | Underground party | |
Paraguay | Partido Azul (PA) (Blue Party) | ???? | Luís Avelino Argaña | ???? | Medium-sized opposition party | |
Chile | Partido Liberal (PL) (Liberal Party) | 1849 | Arturo Alessandri Palma | -- | Minor opposition party |
Africa[]
Country | Party Name | Founded | Leader | Affiliated Organization | Situation | Symbols |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberia | True Whig Party (New Guard) | 1869 | Clarence Simpson | -- | Major coalition faction | |
Egypt | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
Mittelafrika | Association de Colons du Congo (Assocation of the Colonists of Congo) | ???? | Jules Cousin | -- | Major opposition organization | -- |
French Republic | Parti Radical (PR) (Radical Party) | 1901 | Camille Chautemps | -- | Minor opposition party | |
Somalia | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
Ethiopia | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
Morocco | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
Union of South Africa | South African Party (Liberals)(SAP) (Suid-Afrikaanse Party) (Zuidafrikaanse Partij) | 1911 | Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr | -- | Minor coalition faction |
Europe[]
Country | Party Name | Founded | Leader | Affiliated Organization | Situation | Symbols |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Two Sicilies | Democrazia Cristiana (CS) (Christian Democracy) | ???? | ???? | ???? | Major opposition party | |
Poland | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
Norway | Venstre (Left) | 1884 | Søren Lund | Norges Liberale Studentforbund ( Liberal Students of Norway), Unge Venstre (Young Left) | Medium-sized opposition party) | |
Netherlands | Vrijzinnig-Democratische Bond (VDB) (Liberal Democratic League) | 1901 | Algemene Vereniging Radio Omroep (AVRO) (General Association of Radio Broadcasting), Vrijzinnig-Democratische Jongeren Organisatie (VDJO) (Liberal Democratic Youth Organization) | Minor opposition party | ||
White Ruthenia | Bielaruskaja Partyja Sacyjalistaŭ-Fiederalistaŭ (BPS F) (Belarusian Party of Socialist-Federalists) | ???? | Mikola Abramčyk | -- | Minor opposition party | |
Sweden | Bondeförbundet (Farmer's League) | 1913 (founding of the party), 1922 (merging with the National Farmer's Union) | ???? | Svenska Landsbygdens Ungdomsförbund (Swedish Rural Youth League), Hallands Nyheter (News of Halland), Södermanlands Nyheter (News of Sodermanlands), Östersunds-Posten (Ostersund Post), Hudiksvalls Tidning (Hudiksvall newspaper), and other newspapers. | Medium-sized opposition party | |
Switzerland | Liberale Partei de Schweiz/Parti Libéral Suisse/Partito Liberale Svizzero/Partida Liberala Svizra (TL) (Liberal Party of Switzerland) | 1893 (founding of the faction), 1913 (creation of the party) | ???? | -- | Minor opposition party | |
Imperial Austria | Liberale Bewegung (LB) (Liberal Movement) | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | |
Albania | Partia Popullore (PP) (Popular Party) | ???? | Xhafer Ypi | -- | Minor opposition party | |
United Baltic Duchy | Deutch-baltische Demokratische Partei (DbDP) (Baltic German Democratic Party) | 1917 | Paul Schiemann | ???? | Ruling Party | |
Serbia | Republikanska Stranka (Republican Party) | (Creation of the Republican Democratic Party), (Formation of the party) | Dragomir Vasić | Konspiracija (“Conspiracy”) | Ruling Party | |
Bohemia | česká strana pokroková (Realisté) (Czech Realist Party) | ???? | ???? | ???? | Ruling Party | ???? |
Illyria | Hrvatska pučka seljačka stranka (HPSS) (Croatian People's Peasant Party) | ???? | ???? | ???? | Ruling Party | ???? |
Russian Republic | Partiya Sotsialistov-Revolyutsionerov (SRs) (Socialist-Revolutionaries Party) | 1902 | Alexander Kerensky | -- | Ruling Party | |
Italian Republic | Partito Liberale Democratico (PLD) (Liberal Democratic Party) | 1921 | Ivanoe Banmi | -- | Ruling Party | |
German Empire | Fortschrittliche Volkspartei (FVP) (Progressive People's Party) | 1910 | Anton Erkelenz (1928 - ) | Hirsch-Duncker unions | Major opposition party | |
Finland | Maalaisliitto (ML) (Agrarian League) | 1906 (Creation of agrarian organizations), 1908 (official founding of the party) | Kyösti Kallio | -- | Minor opposition party | -- |
Bulgaria | Bŭlgarski Zemedelski Naroden Sŭyuz "Vrabcha 1" (Bulgarian Agrarian National Union "Sparrow 1") | 1899 | ???? | -- | Medium-sized opposition party | |
Kingdom of Sardinia | Lega Democratica Reale (Royal Democratic League) | ???? | ???? | ???? | Minor coalition party | |
Ireland | Clann na Talmhan (Family/Children of the Land) | 1932 | Michael Donnellan | -- | Minor opposition party | |
Flanders-Wallonia | Belgische Werklieden Partij/Parti Ouvrier Belge (BWP/POB) (Belgian Workers Party) | 1885 | ???? | Le Peuple (The People) newspaper | Major opposition party | |
Papal State | Partito Popolare Democratico (PPD) (Popular Democratic Party) | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | -- |
Ukraine | ||||||
Denmark | Det Radikale Venstre (The Radical Left) | 1905 | ???? |
|
Major opposition party | |
Iceland | Framsóknarflokkurinn (Progressive Party) | 1916 | Ásgeir Ásgeirsson | -- | Major opposition party | |
Lithuania | Lletuvos Lenk(U) Komitetas/Komitet Polaków ne Litwie (Committtee of Lithuanian Poles) | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
Greece | Néa Fileléftheri Énosi (NFE) (New Liberal Union) | 1910 (founding of the Liberal Party), 1931 (declaration of the 3rd Hellenic Republic) | Geórgios Papandreou | -- | Ruling Party | |
Romania | Partidul Țărănesc (PT) (The Peasant Party) | 1918 | ???? | ???? | Minor opposition party | ???? |
Union of Britain | Liberal Party | 1859 | Abraham England | Welsh Liberals (Defunct) | Underground party | |
Socialist Republic of Italy | Partido Liberale Democratico (PLD) (Liberal Democratic Party) | 1921 | Constanzo Albricci | -- | Minor opposition party | |
Commune of France | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
Spain | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
Portugal | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
Azerbaijan | Ahrar Party (Liberal Party) | 1918 | Yevsey Gindes | -- | Major opposition party | |
Georgia | Sakartvelos Sotsialist-Pederalisturi Revolutsiuri Partia (Socialist-Federalist Revolutionary Party) | 1904 | Iosif Baratov | -- | Medium-sized coalition party | |
Hungary | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
Galicia and Lodomeria | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
Asia[]
Country | Party Name | Founded | Leader | Affiliated Organization | Situation | Symbols |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Persia | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | |
Ottoman Empire | Hürriyet ve İtilâf Fırkası (HIF) (Freedom and Accord Party) | 1911 | Prince Sabahaddin | Mes'ûliyetnewspaper | Major opposition party | |
Afghanistan | Pro-Western Faction | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
The Philippines | Partido Nacionalista (Nationalist Party) | ???? | ???? | ???? | Ruling Party | |
British India | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
Bharatiya Commune | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
Alash Autonomy | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
Madras | Social Liberals | ???? | ???? | ???? | Ruling Party | ???? |
Qing Empire | 青年中國黨 (YCP, Young China Party) | 1923 | Li Huang | -- | Major Opposition Party | |
Empire of Japan | Kakushintō (Reformist Party) | 1927 | ???? | -- | Minor opposition party | |
Republic of Burma | (United GCBA) (General Council of Burmese Associations) | 1921 | Chit Hlaing | The Democratic Opposition | Major opposition party | |
Siam | พรรคกิจสังคม (Social Action Party) | ???? | ???? | -- | Medium-sized opposition party | |
Yunnan Clique | 建國滇軍 (National Foundation Army) | 1894/1905 (Formation of Revive China Society) 1905/1912 (Creation of Tongmenghui) |
Zhu Peide | 國民革命軍 (NRA, National Revolutionary Army) (Defunct) | Major Opposition Organization | |
Xinjiang Clique | 白山宗 (Aqtaghlik) | Circa 15th Century (Rise of Sufism in China) Circa 17th Century (Creation of Aqtaghlik) |
-- | -- | Marginal Opposition Organization | -- |
Sichuan Clique | 軍官系 (Officer Department) | 1894/1905 (Formation of Revive China Society) 1905/1912 (Creation of Tongmenghui) |
Xiong Kewu | 唐繼堯派 (Tang Clique) 中國國民黨 (KMT, Kuomintang) |
Underground Organization | |
Shandong Clique | 皈一道 (Guiyidao Society) | 1916 | Zhang Shulin | 一貫道 (Yiguandao) 紅槍會 (Red Swastika Society) |
Minor Opposition Organization | |
Shanxi Clique | 張自忠派 (Zhang Zizhong Clique) | 1924 (Formation of Guominjun) 1927 (Aftermath of the Northern Expedition) |
Zhang Zizhong | 國民軍 (Guominjun) | Minor Opposition Organization | -- |
Ma Clique | 西北民主社會黨 (Northwest Democratic Alliance) | (?) | -- | -- | Underground Party | -- |
Kumul Khanate | 哈密廢奴派 (Kumul Abolitionists) | (?) | -- | -- | Minor Opposition Organization | |
League of Eight Provinces | 朱紅社 (The Vermillion Society) | (?) | -- | 奉天政府 (Fengtian Government) 中國國民黨 (KMT, Kuomintang) |
Minor Opposition Organization | |
Legation Cities | 朱紅社 (The Vermillion Society) | (?) | Robert Ho Shai Lai Robert Hotung |
奉天政府 (Fengtian Government) 中國國民黨 (KMT, Kuomintang) |
Medium-sized Opposition Organization | |
Tibet | ཨཱུནིཨོན་ ཨོཕ༹་ ཇོཡ་
(Union of Happiness) |
1933 | Tsipön Lungshar | ནུབ་བོད་ལེགས་བཅོས་སྐྱིད་སྡུག (Tibet Improvement Party) | Underground Party | |
Mongolia | Монголын либерал нам (MLN) (Mongolian Liberal Party) | (?) | Jamsrangiin Tseveen (Jamtsarano) | -- | Underground Party | |
Fengtian Government | 民主憲政黨 (Democratic Constitutional Party) | (?) | -- | -- | Miniscule Opposition Party | |
Transamur | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
German East Asia | Fortschrittliche Volkspartei (FVP) (Progressive People's Party) | 1910 | Ludwig Schutze | Hirsch-Duncker unions | Major opposition party | |
Bukhara | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
Emirate of Nejd and Hasa | والحريات والعيد (Freedom and Eid) | ???? | ???? | ???? | Minor group | ???? |
Yemeni Imamate | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
Sultanate of Muscat and Oman | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
Turkestan Republic | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
Nepal | नेपाल प्रजा परिषद (Nepal Praja Parishad) | ???? | Tanka Prasad Acharya | -- | Medium-sized opposition party | -- |
Buhtan | (Jai Gorkha) | ???? | Mahasur Chhetri | -- | Underground party | -- |
Khiva | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
Oceania and Pacific[]
Country | Party Name | Founded | Leader | Affiliated Organization | Situation | Symbols |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australasian Confederation | Australasian Labor Party | 1901 (Founding of the party) | ???? | Australasian Labor Party National Conference, affiliated trade unions (de facto the Australian Council of Trade Unions) | Minor opposition party | |
Dutch East Indies | Vrijzinnig-Democratische Bond (VDB) (Liberal Democratic League) | 1901 | Gobert de Visser | Algemene Vereniging Radio Omroep (AVRO) (General Association of Radio Broadcasting), Vrijzinnig-Democratische Jongeren Organisatie (VDJO) (Liberal Democratic Youth Organization) | Minor opposition party |
Symbols[]