- Main article: List of Political Ideologies
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Market Liberalism or Classical Liberalism is a economic and political ideology based on a powerful support & protection of a market economy, natural and private property rights as well as a political system that is democratic and/or plutocratic.
Overview[]
As a political and economic ideology Market Liberalism focuses on the idea that in an environment of economic laissez-faire, a spontaneous order or 'the invisible hand of the market' emerges that benefits society. Though, it is not necessarily opposed to the provision of a few basic public goods by the state that the market is thought to not being able to provide.
And Market Liberalism is broadly based on the 'liberal tradition' exported from Europe. As such it is somewhat synonymous, even wrongly, with concepts associated with liberalism (e.g. democracy, liberty, equality, freedom of speech and religion). Through time Market Liberalism has changed too and become what it is today.
They argue that rights are of a negative nature — rights that require that other individuals (and governments) refrain from interfering with individual liberty. They do not have an interest the goverment ensuring material equality but only in "equality before the law". Market Liberals also argue against direct democracy because they believe there is nothing in the bare idea of majority rule to show that majorities will always respect the rights of property or maintain the 'Rule of Law'.
Market Liberals usually find their base of support among the middle and upper-class, particularly the latter in "western" countries were the elite is relatively more 'liberalized'; and more generally among 'buisness-men' who stand by Market Liberalism's die-heart support of capitalism and 'free trade'. They generally organize around a political party, although like any ideology have other 'apolitical' organization's that promote's them, which are often funded by 'buisness interests' (e.g. "yellow" trade union's).
Political Principles[]
Market Liberal Theory[]
Although Market Liberals comprise a whole set of group's located in many corner's of the world they generally subscribe to a set of basic tenet's, the most universal of which is obviously a support for capitalism; a free market and strong private property rights, which generally all Market Liberals aspire to accomplish. Nonetheless, exception's and the rest still follow four basic core ideas (sometimes these contradictory idea's mean that the extent of devotion varies):
Social Contract[]
This is the belief that individuals are the basis of law and society, and that society and its institutions exist to further the ends of individuals. Market Liberalism stresses the social contract, under which citizens make the laws and agree to abide by those laws. It is based on the belief that individuals know best what is best for them. The English Magna Carta is an example of a political document that asserted the rights of individuals even above the prerogatives of monarchs. Additionally it also highlights that if a goverment fail's to uphold the promises it made to "the governed" then the populace have the right and the duty to revolt with the purpose of imposing a new goverment, though as with any ideology there is little agreement among Market Liberal on what this promises are. Generally they are very skeptical of any revolution which is not carried out to achieve the values of Market Liberalism.
'Rule of Law'[]
It also emphasizes the importance of 'Rule of Law' in a goverment (e.g. 'liberal democracy'). The 'Rule of Law' implies that every person is subject to the law, including people who are lawmakers, law enforcement officials and judges. In this sense, in theory it stands in contrast to tyranny or oligarchy, where the rulers are held above the law. In the real world lack of the 'Rule of Law' can be found in both democracies and monarchies, when there is neglect or ignorance of the law. The 'Rule of Law' is more apt to decay if a government has insufficient corrective mechanisms for restoring it. Additionally, this will allow for the breeding of corruption, making it even more difficult to restore it as time goes on and corruption embeds itself deeper into the governmental systems. Though this does not mean that Market Liberals are always supportive of democracy or oppose corruption, but moreso the protection of their rights.
Skepticism of "Mob Rule"[]
Market Liberals consider that popular opinion, whos emotions are often manipulated by government leaders and are not inherently founded on the 'Rule of Law', can be a harmful tool which can destroy freedom of the individual (and that of a buisness elite). Simply put, they believe that plain majority rule offer's no guarantee to show that majorities will always respect the rights of property or maintain 'Rule of Law': this is known as the tyranny of the majority. It is for this reason that Market Liberals generally are skeptical or outright oppose direct democracy; most commonly if it's somehow different than the orthodox 'western' european 'liberal democratic' tradition -the exact deffinition of which might depend on each Market Liberal group.
Negative liberty[]
Unlike Social Liberals, Market Liberals believe that rights and liberty are of a negative nature — rights that require that other individuals (and governments) refrain from interfering with individual liberty. Cultural liberalism opposes government regulation of literature, art, academics, gambling, sex, prostitution, abortion, terminal illness, alcohol, and other controlled substances. Most Market Liberals oppose some or all government intervention in these areas as they believe that individual freedom allows the ability for individual's to decide for themselves what's best, without the need for a 'coerciver' outsider forcing their hand and making a autocratic & tyrannic assault against their natural rights. Natural rights mean that all people have inherent rights, conferred not by act of legislation but by "God, nature, or reason".
The Invisible Hand of the Market[]
The Invisible Hand is a metaphor for the unseen forces that move the free market economy. It is the belief that: through individual self-interest and freedom of production as well as consumption, the best interest of society, as a whole, are fulfilled; the constant interplay of individual pressures on market supply and demand causes the natural movement of prices and the flow of trade. In Adam Smith's view, if everyone is left to his own economic devices instead of being controlled by the state, the result would be a harmonious and more equal society of ever-increasing prosperity (this underpinned the move towards a capitalist economic system in the late 18th century and the subsequent demise of the mercantilist system).
Market Liberals want little or no government regulation of the market. Market Liberals support the individual rights of property and freedom of contract, without which, they argue, the exercise of other (negative) liberties is impossible. For this reason and the above they advocate laissez-faire capitalism, meaning the removal of legal barriers to trade and cessation of government-bestowed privilege such as subsidies and monopolies; Market Liberalism holds that the value of goods and services should be set by the unfettered choices of individuals, that is, of market forces. Though Market Liberals can set limitations to these beliefs depending on the particular circumstances. Basically, Market Liberalism accepts the economic inequality that arises from unequal bargaining positions as being the natural result of competition, so long as no coercion is used.
Market Liberalism in Practice[]
Position on Authoritarianism[]
Market Liberals agree with Thomas Hobbes that government had been created by individuals to protect themselves from each other and that the purpose of government should be to minimize conflict between individuals that would otherwise arise in a state of nature. But Market Liberalism is critical of Social Liberalism and takes offense at groups rights being pursued at the expense of individual rights. Hobbe's idea does not necessarily include democracy nor government by a majority vote by citizens which as stated before can be 'bad for buisness' since majorities don't always protect the rights and policies that Market Liberal hold. In practice a movement of Market Liberals can see an autocratic regime as the best choice for protecting private property and the economic rights of individuals while others would prefer a democratic system which is limited and broadly protective of 'liberty' along with 'free trade'. Similarly, some of it's group's often argue that the status quo social heirarchies and political system's exsist to protect individual rights within society and particularly the 'Rule of Law' (e.g. Social Darwinism, monarchism, Imperialism), holding the same view's as Social Conservatism and other conservative ideologies.
Forms of Market Liberalism[]
Market Liberal countries in 1936[]
State Name | Since | State & Political Structure | Ruling Party | Head of State | Head of Government |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
United States of America | 1929 | Federal Presidential Constitutional Republic | Republican Party (GOP) | Herbert Hoover (1929 - Present) | Herbert Hoover (1929 - Present) |
Dominion of Canada | 1931 | Federal State, Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy |
Liberal Party | King George V (1910 - ) | Mackenzie King (1925 - 1930) (1931 - ) |
Norway | ?? | Unitary State, Constitutional Monarchy |
Høye (Conservative Party) | Haakon VII (1905 - ) | Johan H. Andresen |
West Indies Federation | 1929 | Federal State, Constitutional Monarchy |
Unity Party (UP) | Sir Eustace Edward Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes (1925 - ) | Sir Gordon James Lethem (1929 - ) |
Switzerland | ?? | Federal State, Directoral Councillor Republic |
Friesinnig-Demokratische Partei (FDP) (Free Democratic Party) | Federal Council | Albert Meyer |
Legation Cities | 1932 | Unitary State, Directorial Autocratic Councilor Republic |
The American Chamber of Commerce in the International Mandate (AmCham Shanghai) | Nelson T. Johnson | Cornell Franklin |
Movements all around the world in 1936[]
The list is up-to-date as of patch KR4 v0.19.2
North America[]
Country | Party Name | Founded | Leader | Affiliated Organization | Situation | Symbols |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dominion of Canada | Liberal Party of Canada (National Liberal Federation) | 1861 | Mackenzie King | -- | Ruling Party | |
Cuba | Partido Republicano (Republican Party) | Miguel Mariano Gómez | -- | Major Opposition Party | ||
West Indies Federation | Unity Party (UP) | 1925 | Sir Gordon James Lethem | -- | Ruling Party | |
Mexico | Partido Liberal (Liberal Party) | ???? | Ángel Escobedo | -- | Minuscule Party | |
Nicaragua | Partido Liberal Constitucionalista (PLC) (Liberal Constitutionalist Party) | ???? | Doroteo Cárdenas | -- | Underground Party | |
Panama | Partido Nacional Liberal (Conservador) (PNL) (National Liberal Party) | 1903 | Juan Demostenes Arosemena | -- | Underground Party | |
Honduras | Partido Unificación Democrática (PUD) (Democratic Unification Party) | ???? | José Ángel Zúñiga Huete | -- | Medium-sized Opposition Party | |
El Salvador | Partido Democráta Cristiano (Christian Democratic Party) | ???? | Lisandro Castellanos | -- | Marginal Opposition Party | |
Haiti | Parti National de L'Industrie Agricole (National Party of Agricultural Industry) | ???? | Louis Déjoie | -- | Minor Opposition Organization | |
Costa Rica | United Fruit Company (UFC) | 1899 | Sebastián Jiménez | -- | Major Opposition Organization | |
United States of America | Republican Party (GOP) | 1854 | Herbert Hoover | -- | Ruling Party | |
Puerto Rico | Partido Liberal de Puerto Rico (Liberal Party of Puerto Rico) | 1932 | Antonio R. Barceló | -- | Medium-sized Opposition Party | |
Guatemala | Partido Liberal (Corporativista) (Liberal Party (Corporatist)) | 1920 | Toribio Corral | -- | Marginal Opposition Party | |
Dominican Republic | Partido Republicano (Republican Party) | 1932 | Rafael Estrella Ureña | -- | Major Opposition Party |
South America[]
Country | Party Name | Founded | Leader | Affiliated Organization | Situation | Symbols |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Uruguay | Facción Centrista del Partido Nacional (Centrist Faction of the National Party) | 1836 | Consejo Nacional de Administración | -- | Medium-sized Opposition Party Faction | |
Ecuador | Partido Liberal Radical Ecuatoriano (PLRE) (Ecuatorian Liberal Radical Party) | 1878/1925 (founding of the party), 1925 (official founding) | Isidro Ayora | (?) | Major Opposition Party | |
Brazil | Partido Liberal Democráta (Liberal Democratic Party) | (?) | Francisco Prestes Maia | -- | Medium-sized Opposition Party | |
Peru | Movimiento Democrático (Democratic Movement) | 1930 | Jorge Prado Ugarteche | -- | Medium-sized Opposition Party | |
Bolivia | Partido Liberal Popular (People's Liberal Party) | ???? | Simon Iturri Patiño | -- | Major Opposition Party | |
Colombia | Partido Conservador (Conservative Party) | 1849 | Mariano Ospina Pérez | -- | Minor Opposition Party | |
Venezuela | Partido Social Cristiano (Christian Social Party) | 1920s | Isaías Medina Angarita | -- | Major Opposition Party | |
Patagonian Workers Front | Partido Demócrata Nacional (PDN) (National Democratic Party) | 1932 | Ramón Antonio Castillo | -- | Underground Party | |
Argentina | Partido Demócrata Nacional (PDN) (National Democratic Party) | 1932 | Ramón Antonio Castillo | -- | Underground Party | |
Paraguay | Partido Nacional Liberal Ortodoxo (Orthodox National Liberal Party) | 1887 | Eduardo Schaerer | -- | Medium-sized Opposition Party | |
Chile | Partido Radical (Radical Party) | 1863 | Isidoro Corrico | -- | Marginal Opposition Party |
Africa[]
Country | Party Name | Founded | Leader | Affiliated Organization | Situation | Symbols |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberia | True Whig Party (Centre) | 1869 | William Tubman | -- | Medium-sized Opposition Party | |
Egypt | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | |
Mittelafrika | Royal Veterans Association | 1921 | Rea Leaky | British Army | Minor Opposition Organization | |
French Republic | Parti Républicain Démocrate (PRD) (Republican Democratic Party) | 1903 (Creation of the Republican Federation), 1903 (Creation of the Democratic Alliance), 1920s (Fusion of the two parties) | Pierre Etienne Flandin | -- | Minor Opposition Party | |
Somalia | Muuqaalka Xoriyadda (The Image of Freedom) | ???? | Jama Abdullahi Qalib | -- | Minor Opposition Party | |
Ethiopia | Yetebaberuti Ye'ītiyop'īya Dēmokirasīyawī Hayilochi | ???? | ???? | -- | Minor Opposition Party | |
Morocco | الحزب المغربي العيبيرل (Moroccan Al-Aiberl Party) | ???? | ???? | -- | Major Opposition Party | |
Union of South Africa | South African Party (Unionists) (Suid-Afrikaanse Party) (Zuidafrikaanse Partij) | 1911 | Gideon Brand van Zyl | -- | Marginal Coalition Faction |
Europe[]
Country | Party Name | Founded | Leader | Affiliated Organization | Situation | Symbols |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Two Sicilies | Partito Liberale (PL) (Liberal Party) | ???? | ???? | -- | Medium-sized Opposition Party | |
Poland | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | |
Norway | Høye (Conservative Party) | 1884 | Johan H. Andresen | -- | Ruling Party | |
Netherlands | Liberale Staatspartij (Liberal State Party) | 1921 | ???? | -- | Minor Opposition Party | |
White Ruthenia | Bielaruskaja Narodnaja Partyja (BNP) (Bielorusian People's Party) | ???? | Adam Stankievič | -- | Major Opposition Party | |
Sweden | Folkpartiet (Swedish People's Party) | 1934 | ???? | -- | Major Opposition Party | |
Switzerland | Friesinnig-Demokratische Partei (FDP) (Free Democratic Party) | 1894 | Albert Meyer | eue Zürcher Zeitung (NZZ) (New Journal of Zürich) | Ruling Party | |
Imperial Austria | Nationalliberale Partei (National Liberal Party) | ???? | ???? | -- | Minor Opposition Party | |
Albania | Partia Demokrate e Re (New Democratic Party) | ???? | Ibrahim Pashë Toptani | -- | Minor Opposition Party | |
United Baltic Duchy | Deutch-baltische Fortschrittlich Partei (DbFP) (Baltic German Progressive Party) | 1918 | Wilhelm Schreiner | -- | Medium-sized Coalition Party | |
Serbia | Narodna radikalna stranka (People's Radical Party) | 1881 | Milan Stojadinovič | -- | Major Opposition Party | |
Bohemia | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | |
Illyria | Hvratsko-srpska koalicija (Croatian-Serbian Coalition) | 1905 | Stjepan Radić | -- | Major Opposition Alliance | |
Russian Republic | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | |
Italian Republic | Partito Liberale Italiano (PLI) (Liberal Italian Party) | ???? | Luigi Einaudi | -- | Major Opposition Party | |
German Empire | Nationalliberale Partei (NLP) (National Liberal Party) | 1866 | Hjalmar Schacht | -- | Minor Opposition Party | |
Finland | Kansallinen Edistyspuolue (National Progress Party) | 1918 | Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg | -- | Minor Opposition Party | |
Bulgaria | Корнитет на Петимата (Petroka) (Committee of Five) | 1930 (Formation of the Popular Bloc), 1933 (Creation of the Committee of Five) | Dimitar Gichev, Krŭstyo Pastukhov, Nikola Mushanov, Georgi Genov, and Boyan Smilov | БЗНС "Врабче 1" (BZNS "Sparrow 1"),
Широка БРСДП (Broad BRSDP), Демократическа партия (Democratic Party), Радикалдемократическа партия (Radical Democratic Party), Национална либерална партия (National Liberal Party) |
Major Opposition Alliance | |
Kingdom of Sardinia | Alleanza Cristiana (Christian Alliance) | ???? | ???? | -- | Minor Opposition Party | |
Ireland | National Development Party | 1932 | Seán Lemass | -- | Minor Opposition Party | |
Flanders-Wallonia | Liberale Partij/Parti Libéral (Liberal Party) | 1846 | ???? | Algemene Centrale der Liberale Vakbonden van België (ACLVB or CGSLB) (General Confederation of Liberal Trade Unions of Belgium) | Medium-sized Opposition Party | |
Papal State | Lega Liberale (LL) (Liberal League) | ???? | ???? | -- | Medium-sized Opposition Organization | |
Ukraine | ||||||
Denmark | Danmarks Liberale Parti (Venstre) (Denmark's Liberal Part) | 1870 (Founded), 1910 (Overhauled) | Thomas Madsen-Mygdal | Venstre Ungdom (VU) (Left Youth), Danmarks Liberale Studerende (Liberal Students of Denmark) | Major opposition party | |
Iceland | Sjálfstæðisflokkurinn (The Independence Party) | 1929 | Freyr Baldursson | Ungir sjálfstæðismenn (SUS) (Young Independents) | Minor Opposition Party | |
Lithuania | Demokratinė tautos laisvės santara (Santara) (Democratic National Freedom League) | 1917 | ???? | -- | Minor Opposition Party | |
Greece | Φιλελεύθερο Κόμμα (Liberal Party) | 1910 | Themistoklis Sofoulis | -- | Medium-sized Opposition Party | |
Romania | Partidul National-Liberal (PNL) (National Liberal Party) | 1875 | ???? | -- | Medium-sized Opposition Party | |
Union of Britain | Liberal Party (Samuelites) | 1859, 1925 (Creation of the Samuelite faction) | Herbert Samuel | Welsh Liberals (Defunct), Liberal Party (Constitutionalists) | Underground Party | |
Socialist Republic of Italy | Partito Liberale Italiano (PLI) (Liberal Italian Party) | ???? | Innocenzo Fara | -- | Underground Party | |
Commune of France | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | |
Spain | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | |
Portugal | União Republicana Nacionalista (Nationalist Republican Union) | ???? | Antonio Granjo | -- | Underground Party | |
Azerbaijan | (Kesbkarliq Party) | 1933 | Behbud Khan Javanshir | -- | Medium-sized Coalition Party | |
Georgia | Mitsis Mesakutreta Erovnuli Partia (National Landowners Party of Georgia) | WIP | Grigory Veshapeli | Liberal-Conservative Coalition | Medium-sized Opposition Party | |
Hungary | Nemzeti Munkapárt (National Labor Party) | 1910 | Aurél Varga | -- | Major Opposition Party | |
Galicia and Lodomeria | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
Asia[]
Country | Party Name | Founded | Leader | Affiliated Organization | Situation | Symbols |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Persia | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
Ottoman Empire | Democrat Fırkasi (DF) (Democratic Party) | 1929 | Kâzım Karabekir | -- | Major Opposition Party | |
Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem | International Council | 1920 | delegates from the German Empire, United States, British Empire, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire | -- | Major Coalition Organization | |
Afghanistan | Pro-Western Faction | ???? | ???? | -- | Medium-sized Opposition Party | |
The Philipines | Republican Party | 1905 | J. Antonio Araneta | -- | Major Opposition Party | |
Dominion of India | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | |
Bharatiya Commune | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | |
Princely Federation | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | |
Alash Autonomy | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | |
Madras | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | -- |
Qing Empire | 繁榮聯盟 (Prosperity League) | (?) | Huang Boqiao | Aufsichtsrat der Ostasiatischen Generalverwaltung (AOG, Supervisory Board of the East Asian General Administration) | Major Non-Partisan Party | |
Empire of Japan | Rikken Minseitō (Constitutional Democratic Party) | 1927 | ???? | -- | Major Opposition Party | |
Republic of Burma | Independent Party | 1922 (Creation of "The Progressives" Political Club), 1925 (Formation of the party) | Joseph Augustus Maung Gyi | -- | Minor Opposition Party | |
Siam | พรรคเสรีนิยม (Liberal Party) | ???? | ???? | -- | Underground Party | |
Yunnan Clique | 西南實業系(Southwest Industrial Group) | (?) | Miao Yuntai | -- | Minor Coalition Organization | |
Xinjiang Clique | 民主聯盟 (Democratic League) | (?) | -- | -- | Underground Party | |
Sichuan Clique | 保定係 (Baoding Department) | 1921 (unofficial founding) | Liu Wenhui | 實業團 (Industrial Corps)
保定陸軍軍官學校 (Baoding Military Academy) |
Medium-sized Coalition Organization | |
Shandong Clique | 一心天道龍華聖教會 (Dragon Flower Society Heavenly Way) | 1913 | Ma Shiwei | -- | Marginal Opposition Organization | |
Shanxi Clique | 韓復榘派 (Han Fuju Clique) | 1924 (Formation of Guominjun)
1927 (Aftermath of the Northern Expedition) |
Han Fuju | 國民軍 (Guominjun) | Minor Opposition Organization | |
Ma Clique | 西北民主自治聯盟 (Northwest Democratic Autonomy League) | (?) | -- | -- | Underground Party | |
Kumul Khanate | 哈密廢奴派 (Kumul Abolitionists) | (?) | -- | -- | Minor Opposition Organization | |
League of Eight Provinces | Aufsichtsrat der Ostasiatischen Generalverwaltung (AOG, Supervisory Board of the East Asian General Administration) | 1927 (GEAS)
1932 (AOG) |
Board of Directors | Shandong Railway Company
Krupp East Asia German-Asian Bank Hamburg America Line |
Major Coalition Organization | |
Legation Cities | The American Chamber of Commerce in the International Mandate (AmCham Shanghai) | 1928 | Nelson T. Johnson | -- | Ruling Party | |
Tibet | ཨཱུནིཨོན་ ཨོཕ༹་ ཇོཡ་
(Union of Happiness) |
1933 | Tsipön Lungshar | -- | Underground Party | |
Mongolia | зах зээлийн нам (Zakn Zeelin Nam) (Market Party) | 1920s | Dambyn Chagdarjav | -- | Underground Party | |
Fengtian Government | 協和會 (Concordia Association) | 1932 | Ruan Zhenduo | Mantentsu | Major Coalition Organization | |
Transamur | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
German East Asia | Nationalliberale Partei (NLP) (National Liberal Party) | 1866 | Friedrich Weiß | -- | Medium-sized Opposition Party | |
Bukhara | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | |
Emirate of Nejd and Hasa | حزب حرة العرب (Arab Free Party) | ???? | ???? | -- | Marginal Opposition Party | |
Yemeni Imamate | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | |
Sultanate of Muscat and Oman | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | |
Turkestan Republic | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | |
Nepal | (Rastriya Praja Party) | ???? | M. P. Koirala | -- | Medium-sized Opposition Party | |
Buhtan | Druk Gyalpo (Radicals) | ???? | Bal Bahadur Basnet | -- | Medium-sized Opposition Organization | |
Khiva | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? | ???? |
Oceania and Pacific[]
Country | Party Name | Founded | Leader | Affiliated Organization | Situation | Symbols |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australasian Confederation | Australian Country Party (ACP) | 1920 | ???? | -- | Major Opposition Party | |
Dutch East Indies | Liberale Staatspartij (Liberal State Party) | 1921 | ???? | -- | Minor Opposition Party |
Symbols[]